Anything pertaining to the Guitar Hero/Rock Band duopoly garners exhaustive attention nowadays. So it’s no surprise that Neversoft’s major follow-up to Guitar Hero III is bigger in most every way in a bid to unseat Rock Band with its immersive group play.

IGN: Guitar Hero World Tour Preview

But under the face-melting surface, World Tour’s greater influence may ultimately be in the steady march towards unifying simulation (pretend you’re a rock star!) and emulation (make actual music!). In the past we’ve come to this junction from the other direction, using game platforms as engines for music production: MTV Music Generator series on the Playstation 2 (used by artists like Boomkat to sketch out songs), Nanaloop on the Game Boy (part of the 8-bit music movement), and upcoming touch-studio offerings for the iPhone like MooCowMusic’s Band and Intua’s BeatMaker. Meanwhile, rhythm games by the likes of Harmonix (Frequency, Amplitude, Guitar Hero) and Konami’s Bemani division (Beatmania, Dance Dance Revolution, GuitarFreaks) have gradually introduced ever more elaborate interactions between players and underlying musical performances. In FreQuency, for example, a secondary mode allowed players to ‘remix’ songs in freeform fashion after unlocking them through normal play.

Based on this early preview, World Tour is even more ambitious with its Music Creator mode. While normal gameplay will center around the established note-matching mechanism for various instruments, the proposed editor supports multi-track note creation for each of the supported instruments (minus vocals, evidently for legal reasons—cross apply the perversities that abound in most online smack talk and this makes regrettable sense). Premade loops, tempo control, and beat quantizing are provided within a wizard interface to simplify the learning curve. For laying down tracks, the guitar controller provides extensive options: you can program drum machines through the new touch-sensitive fret strip on the guitar controller, trigger samples by fret buttons, change pitch with the strum bar and sample speed through the Star Power tilt control. Need more crunch? Licensed Pod modeling technology from Line 6 lets you can choose your amplifier. Want to generate notes algorithmically? Use the built-in arpeggiator. Once you’ve finished laying down tracks, a separate mix mode is available for looping and editing. Finally, you publish your creation (complete with custom cover art) to an online community store where others can download and play it within the game. User ratings will drive online charts. Voilá, you’re a published musician.

One of the most common comment-thread trolls since the release of Guitar Hero has been purist backlash: "why not play a real guitar?" Up to now, the typical answer is along the lines of, "because this [playing a simplified game]  is more fun than learning the real thing." And certainly, to remain successful, World Tour will need to retain that sense of rock star power at mere mortal effort levels. But the potential for the Creator mode, and whatever follows it, to create a new level of musical expression suggests an exciting future of entertainment all its own.

I have never watched The Sopranos, and my knowledge of plot points is mostly limited to examples given in a lecture from The Sopranos and Philosophy (specifically about Tony Soprano as an ethical manager). Yet I still found this exhaustingly detailed argument about the final moments of the series finale to be compelling reading. The unattributed author calls on intertextual references, cinematographic clues, symbology, authorial intent, film precursors, and philosophical precepts to make the case "why Tony died in Holsten’s in the final scene of The Sopranos." Even without any of the necessary background as a viewer, I can certainly appreciate the obsessive passion to craft a canonical resolution to a long-running and well-regarded series, as well as some of the formal elements that are particular to fan discussions (e.g. unnamed characters discussed by acronym—see the comments for a suitably pedantic mini-debate over the correct abbreviation for "Man in Member‘s Only Jacket").

The Sopranos: Definitive Explanation of “The END”

John Timmer reports on studies from the journal Science which suggest that ineurotransmitter levels influence perceived fairness:

Exploring the neurochemistry of fairness

First, consider the notion of innate fairness. People who participated in a experimental transaction called the Ultimatum Game (a simple 2-party example of game theory) tended to reject offers they perceive as ‘unfair’ even though doing so results in them receiving less. This reinforces a recurring theme in current economic theory that participants often act fundamentally irrationally (e.g. Dan Ariely’s Predictably Irrational and other efforts in behavioral economics). One hypothesis drawn from the Ultimatum Game is an underlying evolutionary selection of a shared ‘golden rule,’ given the comparative advantage of group cohesion this might reinforce.

Second, the implications of the neurochemistry itself are more sobering. Even basic negotiation is often based on latent manipulation through psychological leverage; more advanced techniques sometimes exploit physiological factors such as room temperature or sleep deprivation to affect pliability. The casino industry has invested heavily in psychological profiling both in developing comp systems and interior design to lower inhibitions and increase the desire to stay on the gaming floor (high ceilings, rounded walls, indirect lighting, running water)—some examples are given in a short featurette on the DVD for Ocean’s Thirteen. Pushed a little further, you can see some of the same techniques deployed in the fields of law enforcement and the military as interrogation aids, as well as within specialized training such as SERE. In each case, the environment and physical comfort of the targeted participant are manipulated to lower their resistance, gain their trust, or ultimately obtain some concession.

Moving from science to science fiction, you can find ready parallels to controlling serotonin and oxytocin with the Pax used to curb aggression on the Outer Rim planet Miranda in Joss Whedon’s Serenity; the drug Prozium in Equilibrium and Soma in Brave New World; and more obscurely, the hormones produced by alien Powers that activate the ‘god module’ (aka neurotheology) in humans from Walter Jon Williams’ Voice of the Whirlwind. In each, the population is effectively controlled through their own neurochemistry by instilling languor, reducing aggression, suppressing emotion, etc.

Remember the instant photo? Almost four months ago, Polaroid announced that they were no longer planning to make their trademark instant film, following the end-of-life status for their instant cameras last year. instant film stocks are projected to last only through 2009. They have also shut down their other film lines, including large-format and professional-grade lines. At the time, they announced a partnership with ZINK (Zero Ink) Imaging to market a new product based around their crystal-based dye paper. And now they have announced the PoGo portable photo printer, due later this summer:

Polaroid PoGo

The PoGo - short for "Polaroid On the Go," a seemingly unnecessary repetition of the cultural meaning of "Polaroid" - is about the size of a compact digital camera and can accept digital prints from camera phones via BlueTooth or from PictBridge-capable cameras by cable. Rather than normal dye- or ink-based photo printers that rely on quickly-exhausted cartridges, the Zink process embeds all of the color technology within the special photo paper itself. Embedded dye crystals are manufactured molecules that generate the necessary additive hues to create color prints under heat. The paper currently produces "2×3 in. borderless sticky-back prints" in about a minute.

Despite the claim of "fade-resistant, long-lasting images," it will be worth testing just how long these instant photos hold up, like their spiritual predecessors and other home printers. The entire class of photos that have been produced by digital cameras and never committed to professional printing raise rather wide-ranging questions about future provenance. What will we hand down to our grandchildren in place of unfinished photo albums and shoeboxes of snapshots? Will we still be able to read even now-ubiquitous formats like JPEG and the various RAW flavors in 50 or 100 years, like we can with earlier generations of photography going back to examples like daguerrotypes? As with the physical book, the printed photograph requires no special reader, no software, no compatibility matrix. Until flexible, non-volatile media like E-Ink or Zink develop equivalent endurance, we risk losing entire generations of family history to the junkbin of obsolete media.

Clay Shirky, previously featured here for his book Here Comes Everybody, has provoked a lot of interest through another proposition. Adapted from a conference talk related to Web 2.0, Shirky knit together a surprising combination of elements identified in the title:

Gin, Television, and Social Surplus

His first contention is that television sitcoms served the same sociological midwifery role during the American post-WWII ‘leisure age’ as gin during the Industrial Revolution. First it might help to understand just what gin had to do with anything. (more…)

A fascinating microcosm of technical Darwinism is the ceaseless escalation of sophistication between malware authors and anti-virus vendors. Formerly solo practitioners acting out of bravado or malcontent, malware developers are increasingly dedicated professionals bankrolled by organized crime syndicates or even governments in areas like Eastern Europe and Asia. With the huge financial incentive in identity fraud, online theft, and electronic blackmail, black hat hackers aim to exploit the twin vectors of technical vulnerability and human laziness. Anti-virus firms meanwhile have developed a huge market base by playing a largely defensive game against new attack types, constantly scouring the underground community for new examples of attack vectors and building massive databases of ’signatures’ or ‘fingerprints’ of specific variants. Yet just like organic mutation, each new form of defense is the inspiration for a variety of alternatives that seek to bypass the Maginot lines of AV software.

Botnet agent plays lost sheep to avoid detection | The Register

The Register reports on one such development in the ongoing mutation of the strain ‘Kraken’ (AKA Bobax) bot. Earlier botnets were susceptible to interruption by attacking not the zombie clients but, in military parlance, going after their C&C (command and control) elements that issue the bot its orders—attack a certain host via distributed denial-of-service (DDOS), for example. These were often IRC servers that allowed pseudonymous communication via protected messages. Yet IRC is, with the advent of IM and Web-based chat, now itself something of an anomaly that an AV program could view as suspicious.

The Kraken adaptation adopts dynamic DNS through generated domain names, passing encrypted commands through HTTP further obfuscated with bogus headers to fool SPI-capable firewalls. In this fashion, the bot homes in on the current location of its control server without having any hardcoded lists that can be used to target them for shutdown. The Australian firm PC Tools that analyzed the new code compared the process to the way a lost sheep tries to locate its shepherd (hence the article’s title). Similarly, new variations of P2P software have attempted to replace the fragile centralized tracker with distributed databases and multi-hop obfuscation through efforts like TOR and I2P.

Kraken also employs a random word generator to vary its infection host filenames, which spread through IM networks like MSN Messenger. This is a tactic previously adopted by spammers, who in turn were responding to naive Bayesian filtering built into antispam engines like SpamAssassin.

A parallel story at The Register notes a new kind of SQL injection attacks that targets DATE and NUMBER fields. Previously SQL injections exploited unchecked parameters or syntactic tricks to pass SQL code, often limited to text-based fields like VARCHAR. The recent nihaorr* mass attack on older ASP-based sites, for example, used a combination of techniques: the injection was appended as a POST in place of a standard GET query, overloading the request with a 4000-character hex string set within a CAST function. Decoding the hex to text revealed a procedural cursor that trawled the sysobjects DB for any char-based columns, to which it then proceeded to append rogue JS code via UPDATEs. Since most remedies for SQL injection have centered around validating text-based input, this variation bypasses such defenses by manipulating date and number data routines in Oracle’s PL/SQL.

Not content to be left on the defensive, particularly with suspicions that certain governments could be building up their own stockpiles of zombie PCs to act as a botnet in the effect of a (sigh) cyberwar, the US Air Force Cyber Command (AFCYBER) has recently published their consideration of mustering a military botnet. Ars Technica reviews the salient points of Col. Charles Williamson’s proposal, including the need for offensive capability (essentially to attack the attacker) in light of the indefensibility of our present infrastructure, and the potential political fallout were we to, say, pingflood France due to a DDOS mounted from a botnet there controlled by a rogue group elsewhere. The implications for this are somewhat provocative—even if AFCYBER were to build a managed botnet out of decommissioned military PCs, would some other branch like the NSA or CIA also receive a secret mandate to develop ‘offsite assets’ by infecting civilian PCs in other countries? Will some portion of future conflicts consist of shadowy agents provocateur wielding heavily anonymized zombie PC armies trying to provoke retaliation against the enemy’s allies by launching DDOS attacks from within their civilian networks?

In yet another Daring Fireball-inspired tract, Charlie Wood asks why Apple appears to escape the "innovator’s dilemma" presented in Clayton Christensen’s eponymous work. The idea is a follow-on from Christensen’s earlier depiction of ‘disruptive technology-cum-innovations’ and how they evolve within a market (similar to Kuhn’s structure of scientific revolutions). Once the disruptive paradigm has established a beachhead, its progenitor often overdoes its development and in turn loses out to second-tier players that leapfrog it by adopting the innovation at a ‘good enough’ level, undercutting the market leader. Yet Apple, at least in its current incarnation, seems to avoid that pitfall.

Moonwatcher: Why Doesn’t Apple Face The Innovator’s Dilemma?

Wood argues that this is in due to Apple distinguishing itself by design, which appeals to taste and is harder to usurp than a typical feature matrix. This certainly helps explain why, for example, the iPod has utterly eclipsed any imitators (which add features at the expense of usability) and why the iPhone was able to dominate mindshare so quickly in an established smartphone segment (which has always buried functionality behind clunky interfaces).

However, another straightforward business answer is that Apple acts to undercut itself rather than leaving that to a competitor. For example, when the iPod Mini was the bestselling flash-based music player, they discontinued it and introduced the Nano, which reconsidered the Mini in both design and features rather than just making minor changes. With the iPhone less than a year old, already intense speculation mounts about a likely successor with enhancements like 3G wireless, effectively hamstringing competition which may already have 3G-capable handsets. To re-iterate: even the rumor of a future iPhone feature is somehow perceived (at least in the breathless press coverage) as superior to other brands already in the field.

Perhaps even more apt than Wood’s own rationalization is the observation made in a comment by Martin Pilkington that:

"the problem with most companies once they become larger is

a) they become more bureaucratic
b) everyone starts to protect their own territory
c) marketing takes over or they ignore marketing"

This you may recognize as a business-specific case of systemantics, where the business effectively ends up at war with itself in unconscious internecine competition for resources. He also adds the specific point—which has also been espoused by Steve Jobs in interviews about the Apple design philosophy—that they do not add features to products merely to reach feature parity in reaction to competition, or through typical focus group artificiality, but through something more akin to user cases. That is, they imagine how people want to use a device, and then build a feature to make that possible in as intuitive a way as possible. As far back as 1998 (when their resurgent success was much less assured), Jobs told BusinessWeek that:

"It’s really hard to design products by focus groups. A lot of times, people don’t know what they want until you show it to them."

Is there a better shorthand for product innovation than ‘thinking of what people want before they knew they wanted it’? 

Wrapping up today’s trifecta of psychological judo, Brad Bird discusses lessons on encouraging innovation he applied at Pixar, as well as what institutional enablers the company offers:

Pixar’s Brad Bird on Fostering Innovation

GigaOM extracts his interview with the McKinsey Quarterly into 9 lessons. While all make for interesting insights into creative teambuilding, perhaps the most universal is morale as multiplier:

“If you have low morale, for every $1 you spend, you get about 25 cents of value. If you have high morale, for every $1 you spend, you get about $3 of value.”

Although occasionally given mention, it’s still uncommon to hear morale recognized so starkly as a driver of value. Compare, for example, the divergent way in which Wal-Mart and CostCo treat their employees. ‘Cost’ as measured strictly on the balance sheet does not factor in lost productivity due to malaise or innate rebellion resulting from poor employee morale.

The availability of interdisciplinary learning via Pixar University also offers an antidote to the two previous articles’ recognition of skill calcification. One interesting aside about the company offering Krav Maga as a class alongside storytelling and improvisation is that, in contrast to most other fighting styles, KM is built much more around principles instead of techniques. Students are trained for real-world contingencies, and great emphasis is placed on conditioning the student to react instictively against an attack and escape versus get caught in a traditional ‘battle’ as found in other styles. Thus, Krav Maga could be seen as much as psychological adaptation as physical defense.

Finally, the influence of Steve Jobs is evident in the overall layout of the campus, such as a central atrium to maximize crossover contact between functional teams as they visit the cafeteria or even the bathrooms. One other example of cross-disciplinary inspiration comes from today’s Fortune story “Apple and Eve” about the role of chief Apple designer Jonathan Ive in affirming the character of Eve from the upcoming Pixar film Wall-E. What caught my attention more than even the premise of a character based on Apple projected into the 28th century is the limits placed on Ive’s involvement:

“Apple is so proprietary and so secretive that he couldn’t even really allude to where the future of technology was going,” says Stanton. “The most he could do is nod his head to the things we said we wanted to do.”

Whether this reticence was at Ive’s own initiative or reinforced by the looming ire of Jobs and lawyers et al., it reminds me of how straitjacketed corporate culture can become—’corporate’ here referring to almost any size company whose investments of intellectual property and shareholder value demand these precautions of silence and measured response. Even the tiny startup Epiphyte in Neal Stephenson’s Cryptonomicon has to employ elaborate security to protect their corporate interests.

Another variation of the ‘cognitive trap,’ David Weiss explores the inverse relation between confidence and knowledge—again through the lens of software development, sort of the zebrafish of organization psychology.

David Weiss: Metacognitive Miscalibration

He goes on to characterize several cases of the miscalibration of confidence and thinking. “Wicked Problems” could be considered as similar to those physics problems you first struggled to complete in high school, which helpfully neglected messy factors like air resistance at the expense of effective accuracy. As you add in all of the variables required by the actual underlying complexity, the problem eventually collapses. The “Desire to Learn” dovetails with the previously linked Raganwald predicament, where a sense of sufficient knowledge forestalls efforts to deepen understanding. “Personal Pride” evokes the admonition common in entrepreneurship and venture capital to “fail quickly” and not let fear of failure paralyze you.

Finally, the “Well Intended Deception” describes a situation more specific to software programming where levels of abstraction can hide deeper problems—sometimes an emphasis on simplicity through inheriting framework code results in an offset in opacity. The upfront ease of using pre-made tools and resources can be undone by the lack of transparency into what’s really going on when you need to dig into the details. This is a balancing act, as it’s often more efficient to build on proven platforms and add just distinguishing features as custom effort. Thus a new product like Pixelmator, even with only one designer and one developer, can usurp some of the mighty Adobe Photoshop’s turf by building on established open-source and Apple-provided APIs. The parallel in videogame development is whether to build one’s own engine, a la Id Software, or license a middleware product like the Unreal Engine. The former gains full optimization and customization options at the cost of major additional engineering effort; the latter can focus on just a specific game’s logic rather than the underlying plumbing, but remain fundamentally limited by the licensed engine’s capabilities.

This ‘buy or build’ decision ripples through most manufacturing processes. Despite its long history of ‘Not Invented Here‘ myopia, Apple has lately shown a great deal of maturity in this area, with the move to Intel processors freeing up engineering to focus on new products like the iPhone and Apple TV; yet their recent purchase of P.A. Semi also shows that they intend to maintain a toehold at the lower levels of chip design.

One of the small joys of introspection is identifying those cognitive traps that restrict our growth. This ego-spelunking process has featured prominently in Western philosophy within the role of the skeptic (e.g. Descartes); in Eastern disciplines such as Buddhism; and in various self-help tomes that provide a mash-up of both (e.g. Dan Millman’s Way of the Peaceful Warrior). In laying out the idiosyncratic ‘metaphysics of Quality’ in his Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Robert Pirsig proposes a related concept called the ‘gumption trap’ which siphons off your enthusiasm when you encounter “affective, cognitive and psychomotor blocks” in performing a task.

Reginald Braithwaite discusses what might be characterized as one of these self-limiting habits:

Why we are the biggest obstacles to our own growth

This begins by riffing on an observation made by Daring Fireball’s John Gruber in analyzing the import of the mainstream success of Apple among youth, which has now filtered down from the obvious case to financial analysis. Braithwaite carries the idea in a more professional direction, namely that what you know often interferes with your acceptance of something you don’t. Building up a degree of expertise in any discipline means you have potentially more to lose - in comfort and initial efficiency at least - when switching to a novel alternative. Braithwaite’s examples are specific to software programming (Lisp vs Factor, regular expressions in Ruby) but the principle can be applied more broadly. The effects can be seen in resistance to new technologies or methodologies, resulting in foot-dragging up through overt sabotage reminescent of Luddites.

The solution at the individual level is to learn how to stretch, just as you do to extend physical reach. This can mean challenging long-accepted notions on technique that may no longer be the pinnacle solutions they once were, particularly when crossing disciplines—keeping with the software design idea, , for example, when switching from procedural to object-oriented programming. At the group level, extra attention should be paid to transitional aids and training to help lower the resistance borne out of knee-jerk anxiety triggered by a perceived threat to one’s identity.

[EB: Luddite]